Gestational diabetes, often referred to as “GD,” is a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy in women who did not previously have diabetes. GD typically surfaces around 24 weeks of pregnancy and occurs when the cannot produce enough insulin to manage the increased blood sugar levels accompanying pregnancy.
This condition can affect both the mother and the baby, making it crucial to understand its causes, symptoms, and management strategies.
What Is Gestational Diabetes?
Gestational diabetes occurs when hormonal changes during pregnancy make the body less responsive to insulin, a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels. When the body cannot produce enough insulin to meet the increased demand, blood sugar levels rise, leading to gestational diabetes.
The Mayo Clinic notes that this condition typically develops in the second or third trimester and resolves after childbirth. However, it can increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life for both the mother and the child.
The exact cause of gestational diabetes is not fully understood, but factors such as obesity, a family history of diabetes, and being over the age of 25 can increase the risk. Gestational diabetes affects about 2-10% of pregnancies in the United States each year.
Symptoms of Gestational Diabetes
Many women with gestational diabetes do not experience noticeable symptoms, which is why screening is so important. However, some expecting moms may experience symptoms such as increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, and blurred vision.
If left untreated, gestational diabetes can lead to complications such as high birth weight, preterm birth, and an increased risk of cesarean delivery. Thankfully, doctors are aware of the dangers associated with gestational diabetes, and that’s why they test for the condition.
Gestational Diabetes Symptoms Expecting Mom's Should Be Aware Of:
- Increased thirst
- Frequent urination
- Dry mouth
- Fatigue
- Blurred vision
- Nausea and vomiting
- Weight loss, even with increased appetite
- Slow-healing sores
- Genital itching or thrush
Who’s Most At Risk Of Gestational Diabetes?
While any expecting mom can develop gestational diabetes, several common factors increase the chance of testing positive. The following list from The Cleveland Clinic can help alert you to a higher potential of developing GD.
- Heart disease.
- High blood pressure.
- Having obesity or being overweight before pregnancy.
- Personal history of gestational diabetes in previous pregnancies.
- A family history of Type 2 diabetes.
- Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
- Advanced maternal age.
- Prediabetes (history of higher-than-normal blood glucose).
When and How Do Doctors Test for Gestational Diabetes?
Testing for gestational diabetes is a routine part of prenatal care. Most healthcare providers recommend screening between 24 and 28 weeks of pregnancy, although women with higher risk factors may be tested earlier.
The most common test is the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), which involves drinking a sugary solution and having blood drawn to measure how well the body processes sugar.
If the initial test results are abnormal, a follow-up test may be required to confirm the diagnosis. Healthcare providers aim for early detection and management to prevent complications for both mother and baby.
How to Manage Gestational Diabetes
Managing gestational diabetes involves lifestyle changes, monitoring, and sometimes medication. Here are some effective strategies.
It’s important to note that you can’t simply get rid of gestational diabetes after it’s developed. Your doctor will typically perform a blood test six to twelve weeks post-partum to see if the condition has resolved.
1. Healthy Eating
A balanced diet is crucial for managing blood sugar levels. Focus on eating whole grains, lean proteins, fruits, vegetables, and healthy fats. Avoid sugary foods and refined carbohydrates.
Working with a dietitian to create a personalized meal plan can be highly beneficial. You don’t have to wait until you test positive, if you have a family history of gestational diabetes, healthy lifestyle changes when you first learn you are pregnant can help you avoid issues later in pregnancy.
2. Regular Physical Activity
Exercise helps the body use insulin more efficiently and can lower blood sugar levels. Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate activity, such as walking or swimming, most days of the week.
It’s generally accepted that if you already work out, you can continue with the same activity level during pregnancy, and you may be able to add additional workouts. However, always consult your healthcare provider before starting a new exercise routine.
3. Blood Sugar Monitoring
Regularly checking your blood sugar levels at home can help you understand how your body responds to food, exercise, and medication. If you notice that your blood sugar levels are drastically changing during pregnancy, reach out to your healthcare provider immediately so a test for gestational diabetes can be performed as soon as possible.
4. Medication or Insulin Therapy
If lifestyle changes cannot control blood sugar levels on their own, your doctor may prescribe medication or insulin therapy. These treatments are safe for both mother and baby when used as directed and under the careful supervision of your healthcare provider.
5. Regular Prenatal Checkups
Frequent visits to your healthcare provider are essential to monitor your health and your baby’s development.
These checkups help ensure that any potential complications are identified and managed early.
Short-Term And Long-Term Implications Of Gestational Diabetes
In the short-term, gestational diabetes can increase the need for a c-section, often caused because the fetus grows too much from the conditional. Gestational diabetes can also increase a mother’s chance of pre-eclampsia.
In babies, gestational diabetes can cause breathing problems at birth and lead to Hypoglycemia, which can cause seizures in newborns.
While gestational diabetes usually resolves after childbirth, it can also have long-term effects. Women who have had gestational diabetes are at a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life. Additionally, their children may have a higher risk of obesity and diabetes. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle after pregnancy is crucial to reducing these risks.
Gestational diabetes is a manageable condition with the proper care and attention. By understanding the risks, getting tested at the appropriate time, and following a healthy lifestyle, you can reduce the impact of gestational diabetes on your pregnancy and your long-term health.
If you’re pregnant or planning to become pregnant, talk to your healthcare provider about your risk for gestational diabetes and the steps you can take to ensure a healthy pregnancy.