Norovirus is a common and highly contagious virus that affects people of all ages, especially young children.
While most toddlers recover from norovirus without complications, the virus spreads easily and there can be complications. If you have a large family or your children are in constant contact with others, extra precautions such as frequent handwashing and sanitation can help prevent further transmission.
If you think your toddler has norovirus, you can use the information in this guide to understand the virus, learn about symptoms of norovirus in toddlers (and others), and determine how to treat norovirus in your toddler.
As with any medical situation, if your child appears lethargic or their symptoms seem to be worsening, we highly recommend seeking medical attention as soon as possible.
What Is Norovirus?
Norovirus is a highly contagious virus that causes inflammation of the stomach and intestines, known as gastroenteritis. Norovirus is often called the “stomach flu,” although it’s unrelated to influenza.
Every year the virus is estimated to affect 200 million children globally, and is notorious for causing outbreaks in crowded settings such as daycare centers and schools. I once contracted Norovirus along with hundreds of other guests staying at a hotel in Las Vegas.
According to the Centers for Disease Control And Prevention (CDC), Norovirus is most common from November through April, so some parents mistake it for seasonal flu when symptoms first present.
Norovirus is typically mild in toddlers but can lead to more severe symptoms like dehydration.
Norovirus Symptoms In Toddlers
Norovirus is typically mild in toddlers, but several of the virus’s symptoms can signal a much larger problem involving dehydration.
The symptoms of norovirus in toddlers can manifest rapidly and typically include diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, stomach pain, and a mild fever. These symptoms usually last one to three days, although it can take longer for your toddler’s digestive system to recover fully.
Here’s a full list of common symptoms caused by norovirus:
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Stomach pain
- Fever
- Chills
- Headache
- Muscle aches
- Dehydration
- Dizziness
The rapid onset of symptoms means parents should closely monitor their child’s hydration levels. Dehydration is among the most dangerous aspects of norovirus in babies and toddlers.
Recognizing Dehydration in Toddlers
Dehydration is a significant concern in toddlers with norovirus due to rapid fluid loss from diarrhea and vomiting.
Signs of dehydration include dry lips, decreased appetite, and decreased urination frequency. In severe cases, toddlers may exhibit lethargy, sunken eyes, or lack of tears when crying.
Parents should monitor their child’s fluid intake closely. Small amounts of electrolyte solutions such as Pedialyte can help replenish lost fluids.
A headache and aching limbs might also signal dehydration, but it can be challenging for your toddler to explain when these symptoms occur. If your toddler shows signs of severe dehydration, such as dark urine or dizziness, it is crucial to seek medical attention immediately to prevent further complications.
Norovirus Transmission: A Highly Contagious Virus
Norovirus spreads primarily through close contact with infected individuals or through contaminated food and surfaces. The virus is also contagious for up to two weeks after symptoms have passed.
Toddlers are especially susceptible due to their frequent hand-to-mouth behaviors. The contagious nature of the virus means that it can quickly spread in group settings like preschools. If your child’s preschool or daycare reports norovirus among the population, there’s a good chance your child will also test positive and you should immediately start monitoring your child for symptoms.
Practicing good hygiene, such as regular handwashing, can significantly reduce the risk of infection. While keeping a toddler clean is a challenge, parents can reduce the chance of further infections by disinfecting contaminated surfaces frequently to prevent outbreaks.
The transmission of Norovirus is especially worrisome when handling food and causes around half of all foodborne illnesses in the United States. It has become a big enough issue that the CDC issued a Norovirus fact sheet for food workers.
From the CDC:
- Infected people who have feces or vomit on their hands touch the food.
- Food is placed on counters or surfaces that have tiny drops of feces or
vomit on them. - Tiny drops of vomit from an infected person spray through the air and land on
the food or surfaces, like countertops. - Feces or vomit is in areas where food is grown or harvested.
Why Does Norovirus Affect So Many Toddlers?
As mentioned, daycare settings are a breeding ground for norovirus in toddlers. Shared toys and play areas are the exact environment where the virus thrives. The amount of mouth-to-hand contact toddlers make exacerbates the issue, as does the need for caregivers to change diapers regularly and provide children with group meals.
Outside of general contact with other toddlers, your child’s immune system is still developing, and there’s a good chance your child’s body will experience the virus for the first time, leading to the onset of the previously mentioned symptoms.
Additionally, toddlers with a history of recent illness or weakened immune systems may experience more severe symptoms.
Complications of Norovirus in Toddlers
Beyond dehydration, norovirus can lead to complications like weight loss and nutritional deficiencies due to decreased appetite and prolonged symptoms. These issues can further weaken a toddler’s immune system, making them susceptible to additional infections or health problems.
Prolonged diarrhea and vomiting may necessitate medical attention to prevent more severe health risks. Always consult a healthcare provider if there are concerns about the severity of symptoms or if blood appears in the stool or vomit, as these may indicate more serious underlying conditions.
Preventing Norovirus in Toddlers Or The Spread Of The Virus
Preventing norovirus in toddlers involves maintaining strict hygiene practices, making informed childcare choices, and supporting their diet and immune system. These strategies can significantly reduce the risk of spreading the virus but are not guaranteed to keep the virus at bay.
Hygiene and Sanitation Practices
Maintaining proper hygiene is crucial to prevent the spread of norovirus. Caregivers must wash their hands with soap and water frequently, especially after changing diapers or using the toilet.
Surface disinfection is also vital; using a bleach-based disinfectant can eliminate the virus effectively. Toys and commonly touched objects should be cleaned regularly. Encouraging toddlers to avoid touching their faces also helps reduce transmission but is a very challenging task.
Diet and Immune Support
Supporting a toddler’s immune system through a balanced diet can help in combatting infections like norovirus. A diet rich in fruits and vegetables provides necessary vitamins and minerals. Probiotics may also bolster gut health, which can influence immune response.
Consulting with a pediatrician for dietary recommendations can ensure toddlers receive proper nutrition for optimal immune function.
And despite what online health influencers will tell you, viruses are not suddenly defeated because of proper exercise and diet. However, a healthy body typically fights off the infection faster while reducing the number of severe symptoms.
The CDC recommends the following Norovirus prevention steps.
- Wash your hands well and often.
- Cook shellfish thoroughly and wash fruits and vegetables.
- Clean and disinfect contaminated surfaces.
- Wash laundry in hot water.
- Stay home when sick for 2 days (48 hours) after symptoms stop
How To Treat Norovirus In Toddlers
Treatment primarily aims to control symptoms and prevent dehydration. As a parent, you’ll want to lean into supportive care to help your toddler manage symptoms while their body fights off the virus.
Oral rehydration solutions are commonly recommended to maintain hydration and replace lost fluids and electrolytes. Parents can support recovery by offering small, frequent sips of water or an oral rehydration solution, while bland foods like rice, bananas, and toast might be easier to digest when reintroducing solid foods.
Encourage your toddler to rest and monitor your child for any worsening symptoms. There’s a good chance that your toddler will want to lie around until they feel better. Encouraging less activity will make it easier to monitor your toddler while lowering the possibility that they spread the norovirus by coming in contact with too many surfaces in your home.
Sometimes, a pediatrician might suggest medications to alleviate nausea or stomach pain in more severe cases.
Antibiotics are not effective, as norovirus is viral, not bacterial.
Managing a Toddler’s Discomfort During A Norovirus Outbreak
Dealing with a toddler’s discomfort during norovirus can be tricky since they don’t understand what’s happening to them. Ensure your child is comfortable, which can be achieved by creating a calming environment. Keep the toddler’s bedding clean and provide soothing activities like reading or listening to soft music.
Monitor your toddler’s temperature and use age-appropriate fever reducers if needed and approved by a medical professional. You should also encourage rest, as recovery will be more effective when the toddler’s body is not stressed.
Monitoring for Secondary Issues After A Norovirus Infection In Your Toddler
After a norovirus infection, observing a toddler for any secondary complications is vital. Pay attention to lingering symptoms that may require additional medical care. Be alert for signs of secondary infections, such as an ear infection or urinary tract infections, which can occur if the immune system is weakened. This should be a standard practice following any illness in your child.
Regular follow-ups with a healthcare provider might be necessary to ensure your toddler fully recovers. If symptoms of dehydration persist or worsen, such as persistent vomiting or extreme lethargy, immediate medical intervention is recommended.
Keeping track of the toddler’s overall health post-infection can prevent potential long-term effects and ensure complete recovery.
While I’ve focused on toddlers with norovirus because it’s a regularly sought-after topic among parents, this Norovirus information also applies to babies, older children, and adults.